INTRODUCTION TO TRICON (Version 9.6)

1. Introduction

The TRICON is a programmable logic controller that provides a high level of fault tolerance

Fault tolerance is the ability to detect errors and to take appropriate corrective action on-line.

With fault tolerance, there is an increase in safety and in availability of the controller and the process.

The TRICON is used in critical process applications such as ESD and F&G systems

It provides fault tolerance through Triple Modular Redundant (TMR) architecture, which consists of three identical legs; each leg independently executes an application in parallel with the other two legs.

A 2oo3 hardware/software voting mechanisms qualify and verify all digital inputs and outputs; analog inputs are subject to a mid-value selection process

If a hardware failure occurs in one leg, the faulty leg is overridden by the other legs.

A faulty module can easily be replaced while the TRICON is on-line and without process interruption; the system then reconfigures itself to full TMR operation

Setting up applications is simple because the triplicated system operates as one control system

2. Theory of operation

The TRICON is designed with a fully triplicated architecture throughout, from the input modules through the Main Processors to the output modules.

Every I/O module houses the circuitry for three independent legs.

Each leg on the input modules reads the process data and passes that information to its respective Main Processor.

Then input data is voted at the Main Processors before processing

Once per scan, the three Main Processors communicate with each other using a proprietary high-speed bus system called the TRIBUS.

The Main Processors execute the application and send outputs generated by the application to the output modules.

The TRICON votes the output data on the output modules before acting on final control element in the field.

For each I/O module, the system can support an optional hot-spare module which takes control if a fault is detected on the primary module during operation.

Triplicated architecture of TRICON controller

3. Main Processor Modules

A TRICON contains three Main Processor (MP) modules to control three separate legs of the system; each Main Processor operates in parallel with the other two Main Processors

A dedicated I/O communication processor (IOPCOMM) on each Main Processor manages the data exchanged between the Main Processor and the I/O modules.

A triplicated I/O bus is extended from chassis to chassis by means of I/O Bus cables.

As each input module is polled, the new input data is transmitted to the Main Processor over the appropriate leg of the I/O Bus.

The input data from each Input Module is assembled into a table in the Main Processor and stored in memory for use in the hardware voting process

The individual input table in each Main Processor is transferred to its neighboring Main Processors over the TRIBUS.

During this transfer, hardware voting takes place.

If a disagreement occurs, the signal value found in two out of three tables prevails, and the third table is corrected accordingly.

After the TRIBUS transfer and input data voting have corrected the input values, these corrected values are used by the Main Processors as input to the user-written application.

The application is developed in the TRISTATION and downloaded to the Main Processors.

The 32-bit main microprocessor executes the user-written application in parallel with the neighboring Main Processor modules.

The user-written application generates a table of output values based on the table of input values, according to the rules built into the application by the customer.

The I/O processor on each Main Processor manages the transmission of output data to the output modules by means of the I/O bus.

4. Bus Systems, Power Distribution & field signals

Three triplicated bus systems are etched on the chassis backplane:

- The TRIBUS

- The I/O bus

- The communication bus.

The TRIBUS consists of three independent serial links operating at 25 Mbaud.

It synchronizes the Main Processors at the beginning of a scan.

Then each Main Processor sends its data to its upstream and downstream neighbors.

The 375 Kbaud triplicated I/O bus transfers data between the I/O modules and the Main Processors.

The 2 Mbaud communication bus (COMM) runs between the Main Processors and the communication modules.

Each module in the chassis draws power from both power rails through dual power regulators.

Main chassis backplane

Field Signals

Each I/O module transfers signals to or from the field through its associated field termination assembly.

Two positions in the chassis tie together as one logical slot.

The first position holds the active I/O module and the second position holds the hot-spare I/O module.

Each connection extends from the termination module to both primary and hot-spare I/O modules.

Therefore, both the active module and the hot-spare module receive the same information from the field termination wiring.

5. Main I/O modules

·   Digital Input

Each of the three legs measures the input signal and passes the result, using an I/O communication microprocessor, to its associated Main Processor.

Then input data is voted at the Main Processors before processing.

·   Digital Output

Each of the three legs includes an I/O microprocessor which receives its output value from the I/O communication processor on its corresponding Main Processor.

The modules use a circuitry which votes on the individual output signals just before they are applied to the load.

·   Analog Input

Each of the three legs measures the input signal and passes the result to its associated Main Processor.

The middle value or the average value is selected by each Main Processor and then used by the application.

·   Analog Output

This module receives three output values, one for each leg from the corresponding Main Processors; each leg has its own DAC

One of the three legs is selected to drive the analog output

The “driving leg” is rotated among the legs to use all three legs.

If a fault occurs in the driving leg, a new leg is selected to drive the field device

6. Communication Modules

·   Enhanced Intelligent Communication Module (EICM):

Supports the industry-standard Modbus protocol

User can select; RS-232 point to point interface (one master / one slave) or RS 485 multipoint interface (one master / up to 32 slaves) serial communication with external devices at a speed up to 19.2 kbaud

A TRICON supports up to two EICMs in one logical slot, each EICM has four serial ports and one parallel port which can operate concurrently.

The four serial ports are uniquely addressed and support either the Modbus or TRISTATION interface,the parallel port provides a Centronics interface to a printer.

·   Network Communication Module (NCM)

Supports IEEE 802.3 networking over a 10 Mbit/s data link for the use of:

- TRICONEX applications

- User-written applications using the TRICON System Access Application (TSAA) protocol

- “Open” networking with external systems by means of TCP/IP – UDP/IP protocol

- TRICONEX peer to peer and time synchronization protocol

·   Safety Manager Module (SMM)

The SMM acts as an interface between a TRICON controller and Honeywell's TDC 3000 Universal Control Network (UCN)

The SMM communicates process information at full network data rates

·   Advanced Communication Module (ACM)

The ACM acts as an interface between a TRICON controller and Foxboro's Intelligent Automation I/A Series DCS Network (NODEBUS)

The SMM communicates process information at full network data rates

7. TRICONEX Protocols and Applications

A protocol is a set of rules for exchanging data between two or more devices.

TRICONEX has developed one peer-to-peer protocol and three master/slave protocols (time synchronization, TRISTATION, and TSAA) to support different types of applications.

·   Peer-to-Peer protocol

Any device on the network can initiate a data transfer operation.

It allows TRICONS to exchange small amounts of safety and process information on the proprietary network.

·   Master/slave protocol

Only the master device can initiate a data transfer operation.

- Time Synchronization

It is used to maintain a consistent time base for all TRICONS connected to each other by means of NCMs.

- TRISTATION

The master (the TRISTATION PC) communicates with the slave (TRICON) over an 802.3 network.

The master can communicate with only one slave at a time.

- TRICON System Access Application (TSAA)

The master (external host) communicates with one or more slaves (TRICONS) over an open network.

8. System configuration

A TRICON is composed of a Main Chassis and up to 14 Expansion or Remote Expansion (RXM) Chassis.

The maximum system size is 15 chassis supporting a total of 118 I/O modules and communication modules

·   Chassis Layout

The Main chassis consists of:

Two Power Supplies

Three Main Processors

Six logical slots for I/O and communication modules

One COM slot with no hot-spare position.

Each logical slot provides two physical spaces for modules, one for the active module and the other for its optional hot-spare module.

The layout of an Expansion Chassis is similar to that of the Main Chassis, except that Expansion Chassis provide eight logical slots for I/O modules.

·   I/O Bus

The Main and Expansion Chassis are interconnected by a triplicated RS-485 I/O Bus cables.

Expansion chassis are used when I/O Bus cables length is up to 30 m

Remote Expansion (RXM) Chassis enable a system to extend to remote locations up to 12 km.

·   Online Module Repair

The TRICON chassis provides two approaches, the hot- spare method and the online module replacement.

With the hot-spare method, a logical slot contains two identical I/O modules.

The primary is active, and the other the hot-spare is powered but inactive.

If a fault is detected on the primary module, the TRICON automatically switches control to the hot-spare module, allowing the system to maintain three healthy legs continuously.

The faulty module can then be removed and replaced.

A module can be replaced online even when only one I/O module is normally installed in a logical slot.

If a fault occurs, the FAULT indicator turns on, but the module remains active on two legs.

A replacement module is then inserted into the unused space in the slot.

The TRICON will grant control to this second I/O module after it passes a diagnostic test. Once the replacement I/O module becomes active, the faulty I/O module can be removed.

1) COM slot can be configured for EICM or NMC only

Layout of a TRICON chassis

·   I/O Bus Connections

Each chassis has three sets of RS-485 I/O Bus Ports (IN & OUT).

Additional chassis may branch out from the Main Chassis by means of the I/O Bus Ports, up to a maximum of 14.

There are six ports, two sets of three for triplicated serial communication.

One set of three I/O Bus cables is required for each Expansion Chassis, and for each RXM Chassis that houses a Primary RXM module set.

Remote RXM Chassis are connected to the Primary RXM Chassis with fiber-optic cables.

Communication across the I/O Bus cables (and the RXM fiber-optic cables) proceeds at 375 kBaud, the same rate as the internal I/O bus on each chassis's backplane.

·   Key switch

The Main Chassis has a four-position key:

RUN

Normal operation with read-only capability.

The Main Processors execute the previously-loaded application

PROGRAM

For program loading and checkout.

Allows control of the TRICON from the TRISTATION

STOP

Stops reading inputs, forces non-retentive digital and analog outputs to 0, and halts the application.

Retentive outputs retain the value they had before the key switch was turned to STOP.

REMOTE

Allows writes to program variables by TRISTATION and external hosts

9. TRISTATION 1131 Developer's Workbench

The TRISTATION is an integrated tool for developing, testing and documenting process applications for the TRICON.

The software runs under Microsoft's Windows NT operating system.

Any PC that is compatible with the NT operating system can be used for TRISTATION.

TRISTATION provides three editors to support the IEC 61131-3 languages; Function Block Diagram, Ladder Diagram and Structured Text.

The Workbench also provides the Programming Language Editor (CEMPLE) that TRICONEX developed to support the widely used Cause and Effect Matrix

Programming Languages

Function Block Diagram (FBD)

A graphical language that corresponds to circuit diagrams.

FBD elements appear as blocks that are wired together, to form circuits; the wires transfer data between elements.

Structured text (ST)

A high-level, textual language, that is similar to PASCAL.

ST allows users to create Boolean and arithmetic expressions, and program­ming structures such as conditional (IF, THEN, ELSE) statements.

Ladder diagram (LD)

A graphical language that uses a standard set of symbols for representing relay logic.

The basic elements are coils and contacts, which are connected by links

Cause and Effect Matrix Programming Language Editor (CEMPlE)

A high-level graphical language that provides a two-dimensional matrix in which the user can easily associate a problem in a process with one or more corrective actions.

The problem is known as the cause and the action as the effect.

The matrix associates a cause with an effect in the intersection of the cause row and the effect column.

Glossary

Availability

The probability that the control system is operational at some instant of time

CEM

Stands for Cause and Effect Matrix which is a two-dimensional matrix for the development of safety applications.

In this type of matrix, causes are represented by rows and effects are represented by columns.

CE Mark

A type of certification by the European Union which ensures the electro-magnetic compatibility of TRICONEX controllers with other pieces of electrical and electronic equipment.

CEMPLE

A language editor in the TRISTATION 1131 Developer's Workbench that allows you to develop CEMs for safety shutdown applications.

Communication modules

Modules that enable the TRICONEX to communicate with host computers.

TRICONEX offers communication modules which use IEEE 802.3, TCP/IP or Modbus protocol.

Fault tolerance

The ability to identify and compensate for failed control system elements and allow repair while continuing an assigned task without process interruption.

Fault tolerance is achieved by incorporating redundancy and fault masking.

Hot spare

A unique feature of TRICONEX controllers which allows spare I/O modules to be installed with automatic switch to the spare in case the primary module fails.

IEEE

Stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) which is a professional society for engineers.

Intermittent fault

A fault or error that is only occasionally present due to unstable hardware or varying software states.

Logical slot

In a TRICONEX chassis, a logical slot is a repository for a primary module, a hot spare module, and their associated field termination component

Matrix

1. A CEM program

2. A traditional methodology for ESD applications which associates a problem (cause) in a process with one or more actions (effects) that must be taken to correct the problem.

Peer-to-peer

A protocol that allow multiple TRICONEX controllers on a proprietary network to exchange limited amounts of process and safety information.

Protocol

A set of rules describing the format used for data exchange between two entities.

Reliability

The probability that no failure of the system will have occurred in a given period of time

TCP/IP

Stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol which are protocols for the Transport and Network layers of the OSI network model.

Transient fault

A fault or error resulting from a temporary environmental condition

TSAA

Stands for Tricon System Access Application which is a master-slave protocol in which the master (an external host) communicates with one or more slaves (TRICONEX controllers) over an open network.

UDP/IP

Stands for User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) which are protocols for the Transport and Network layers of the OSI network model.

Voting

A mechanism whereby each leg of a TMR compares and corrects the data in each leg using 2oo3 majority voting scheme

Density

DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

1. Density
The density () of a substance is defined as its mass per unit of volume.

In the International System of units (SI):
m in kg, V in m3   in kg/m3
Density is affected by both temperature and pressure
Generally, a liquid, a solid or a gas, expands with temperature (except water, which contracts when temperature varies from 0 °C to 4 °C, then expands above 4 °C).

For liquids and solids, which are non-compressible, only the temperature has to be taken into account
Density of distilled water at 4 °C = 1000 kg/m3 or 1 kg/dm3 or 1 g/cm3
Density of distilled water at 20 °C = 998.2 kg/m3
Density of copper (Cu) = 8 900 kg/m3
There are no simple formulas to calculate the value (given by tables)

For gases, conditions of pressure and temperature have to be taken into account:
(P,T)
Where
P: absolute pressure
T: absolute temperature
M: molar mass in kg/kmol
Z: super compressibility factor
R: gas constant = 8 314 J / kmol x kelvin

Two "Standard conditions" are used in the oil industry:
• ISO 5167:
101 325 Pa abs. (14.696 psia) and 15 °C (59 °F)
• AGA 3:
14.73 psia (101 560 Pa abs.) and 60 °F (15.56 °C)

Examples:
Density of air = 1.228 kg/sm3 (AGA)
Density of butane (C4H10) = 2.464 kg/sm3 (AGA)
Density of hydrogen (H2) = 0.0855 kg/sm3 (AGA)


2. Specific gravity
For solids and liquids, Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of the solid or liquid to that of water in the same conditions of temperature.

Where density of water at 4° C = 1000 kg/m3
The resulting quotient is a dimensionless number.
Examples:
Specific Gravity of mercury (Hg) at 20°C
Density of mercury at 20° C/density of water at 200C
13 545 kg/m3 / 998.2 kg/m3 = 13.56
SG of water at 4°C is 1
1000 kg/m3 / 1000 kg/m3

For gases, Specific Gravity (G) is defined as the ratio of the molar mass (MG) of a gas to that of the molar mass of dry air (MA)

Where molar mass of dry air = 28.965 kg/kmol
The resulting quotient is a dimensionless number.
Examples:
SG of butane (C4H10):
MG (C4H10)/28.965 = 58.124/28.965 = 2.007


3. API gravity (American Petroleum Institute)
An arbitrary scale expressing the relative density of liquid petroleum products
The scale is calibrated in degrees API, calculated by the following formula:
Degree API = – 131.5
Where SG = specific gravity at 15.6 °C
For a liquid with SG = 1:
Deg. API = – 131.5 = 10


4. Physical properties of gas compounds

Compound Formula Molar mass (kg/kmol) Specific Gravity
Hydrogen H2 2.016 0.0696
Water vapour H2O 18.015 0.622
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.967
Carbon monoxide CO 28.011 0.967
Oxygen O2 31.999 1.105
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.001 1.519
Air - 28.965 1.000
Hydrogen sulphide H2S 34.080 1.177
Methane CH4 16.043 0.554
Ethane C2H6 30.070 1.038
Propane C3H8 44.097 1.522
Butane C4H10 58.124 2.007
Pentane C5H12 72.151 2.491
Hexane C6H14 86.178 2.975
Heptane C7H16 100.206 3.460
Octane C8H18 114.233 3.944

TDC 3000 DCS

HONEYWELL TDC 3000 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

1. Networks

Three types of networks are used:

- Local Control Network (LCN)

- Universal Control Network (UCN)

- Plant Information Network (PIN)

1. Local Control Network (LCN)

Its role is to link operator stations, processing modules, and gateways/interface modules. Operating at 5-million bits per second, the redundant LCN is a local area network Either of the two redundant cables can be designated as the active one; the other is then the backup. If the active cable fails or has an excessive error rate, the roles of the cables are automatically switched The LCN can be extended to support remotely located control room by use of fiber optic cables and LCN Extenders (LCNE) The LCN Extenders, serving as repeaters, also make it possible to increase the number of modules on the LCN from 40 without the extenders up to 64 with the extenders

1.1 LCN modules

Modules can be grouped in a single technical room or, by using fiber optic cables, can be distributed over a wider area.

In addition, multiple LCN’s can be interconnected over long distances through Plant Information Networks (PIN) and associated Network Gateways (NG).

The TDC 3000 supports a wide range of devices, such as, PLC’s, analyzers, Process Managers / Advanced Process Managers / High Performance Process Managers, Logic Managers, and host computers to be connected into the system's communications network.

Each LCN module includes printed-circuit boards housed in an electronics chassis.

There are two types of chassis available:

- Dual-node chassis that has a 3-slot area for one node and a 2-slot area for a second node.

For example, a single "K2LCN" board holds the microprocessor, the LCN interface, and either 2,3,4,6, or 8 mega words of memory, which are functions required by all module types.

(2) Module-Specific Interface Cards Fan

(1) Processor, Memory, & LCN I/F [K2LCN]

Power Supply 1 Power Supply 2

(3)

(2) Module-Specific Interface Cards

(1) Processor, Memory, & LCN I/F [K2LCN]

- Single-node 5-slot chassis that holds up to printed circuit boards

(5) Fan

(4) Module-Specific Interface Cards

(3) Additional Memory

(2) LCN interface

(1) Processor and Memory

Power supply

The system is adapted to specific applications not by writing custom software, but by entering the information that the standard software uses Besides this entry process, known as "system configuration" users can prepare custom application programs A common set of instructions called the Software Environment is present in every module. The Software Environment manages all of the module's resources. It manages its use of time and memory, makes sure that work gets done on time and according to priorities, handles data transfers and communication with other modules, tests hardware, and diagnoses faults.

Module personality software

Software environment

Hardware

Universal Stations (US’s)

All standard displays can be viewed and all standard functions can be performed from US’s

US’s operate under the X Window environment, these windows would contain data that assist the operator or engineer in making control decisions.

The full-size LCN display can be quickly restored when needed.

Universal Work Stations (UWS’s)

All information that can be displayed at a US can also be seen at a UWS.

The UWS consists of a stand-alone desk-side electronics enclosure, desktop CRT, keyboard, and mouse.

Accordingly, it can readily be placed in an office setting, much like a personal computer.

When equipped with an enhanced engineer's keyboard, it becomes a highly convenient tool for the engineer to make changes or additions to the system configuration, or for the maintenance technician to analyze error messages and pinpoint system problems.

Archive Replay Module (ARM)

The ARM integrates a personal computer into the LCN for the specific purpose of collecting and analyzing large quantities of historical data.

After being stored in temporary collection files and moved to hard disk, it is transferred for permanent storage onto an optical disk

Typically this disk bas capacity for one to three months of archive data

Data collected by the ARM can be retrieved at any time and, displayed as a graphic trend, or formatted for analysis using third party PC software packages.

Application Module (AM)

The TDC 3000X Application Module performs high level calculations and advanced control strategies.

Control strategies in the AM can be implemented with standard algorithms and standard processing of data points, or with custom algorithms and/or custom processing routines.

The customizing tool is Control Language/AM, a powerful, easy-to-use, process-oriented language.

1.2 Interface Modules and Gateways

A primary function of each member of this family of modules is to make the translation between the LCN communication protocol and that used by another network or device.

Network Interface Module (NIM)

The Network Interface Module links the Universal Control Network with the LCN.

It passes event and alarm information to the LCN modules and responds to requests from the modules for information about the process.

It passes configuration data to the Process Managers / Advanced Process Managers and Logic Managers, and transmits database changes from the LCN modules to the PMs / APMs / HPMs and LMs.

Enhanced Programmable Logic Controller Gateway (EPLCG)

The EPLCG provides a direct link between the LCN and non-Honeywell programmable controllers.

Using the standard protocols of Allen-Bradley and Modbus, the EPLCG can also link special-purpose devices such as vibration monitoring subsystems, analyzers, and surge controllers directly to the LCN.

Communications Link Module (CLM)

The CLM provides the U S operator a window of access to points located on a non-TDC 3000X network.

Plant Network Module (PLNM)

The PLNM provides an interface between the LCN and DEC VAX

Since the computer is completely integrated into the TDC 3000X system, no data conversion software need be written.

Computer Gateway (CG)

The CG provides a standard link between the LCN and host computers that use HDLC, providing the capability for computers from other vendors to perform the same functions as DEC computers.

Personal Computer Network Manager (PCNM)

The PCNM enables those persons who have the need, to easily obtain current LCN data for real-time decision making.

The PCNM consists of hardware and software that serves as an interface to multiple personal computers over an Ethernet or Token Ring Local Area Network.

Network Gateway (NG)

The NG connects the LCN to a Plant Information Network (PIN).

Two or more LCNs, each with a NG connected to a PIN, can communicate with each other over extended distances.

This enables the implementation of the TDC 3000X across multiple control rooms, each with its own LCN, providing data acquisition over an entire complex.

Up to 64 Network Gateways can be connected to one PIN.

The PIN itself can consist of either coaxial or fiber optic cables.

2. Universal Control Network (UCN)

The role of UCN is to link process-connected devices with each other and with the LCN

The devices connected to the UCN are the Advanced Process Manager (APM), High Performance Process Manager (HPM), and Logic Manager(LM)

The LCN connection is through the NIM.

The UCN operates at the same data rate as the LCN-5 megabits per second.

Peer-to-peer communications between, APMs, HPMs, and LMs on the same UCN is supported.

The UCN uses redundant coaxial cables.

Maximum length is a function of cable type and the number of connected devices.

Process Manager (PM), Advanced PM (APM) & High Performance PM (HPM)

The PM can be configured with up to 40 single and/or redundant I/O Processors, which perform input and output processing on all field I/O, independent of control processing functions.

A wide range of signal types can be handled

The High Level Analog Input, Analog Output, and Smart Transmitter Interface Processors are available as redundant pairs to maximize availability for critical applications.

Two options for the remote location of I/O files-at either 1 km or 8 km from the central file-are also available.

Control functions are performed by the PM within the Process Manager Module (PMM).

The number of such functions that can be accommodated depends on the type mix and execution rate established during configuration by the process engineer.

Data is entered onto convenient screen forms at a US or UWS, and then downloaded from the USIUWS through the UCN to the PM.

Redundant PMM electronics and redundant I/O power can be provided as standard options to increase control-function availability.

Battery backup is another PM option

Logic Manager (LM)

The LM is the control device for those applications that require extensive high-speed logic functions, including digital, Boolean, or interlock manipulation.

A terminal connected directly to the Logic Manager is used for generating and loading the ladder logic programs.

System architecture

Semantic search engine

Berbeda dengan algoritma sebelumnya yang memperhitungkan popularitas dan rank dari keyword yang diketikkan, metode semantic search mencoba menampilkan hasil yang lebih informatif dengan cara mencoba memahami arti keyword.

contohnya jika anda mencari keyword "planet". tanpa kemampuan semantic search, sebuah search engine hanya akan mengeluarkan informasi yang mengandung kata "planet" dan walaupun search engine telah mengurutkan halaman pencarian berdasarkan popularitasnya tetapi halaman yang berisi "mars", "venus" atau nama planet lainnya tidak ikut dicari(walaupun sebagian bisa saja ikut tampil sebagai output karena berdekatan dengan kata planet) padahal bisa saja terdapat relevansi yang erat dengan tujuan pencarian anda.

anda dapat membayangkan semantic search engine mampu memberikan informasi seperti layaknya wikipedia. bedanya search engine memanfaatkan engine yang pintar dalam proses mengumpulkan dan memberikan informasi tersebut. baik search engine maupun wikipedia juga mampu menghasilkan informasi yang aktual, bedanya search engine melakukannya secara otomatis, sedangkan informasi dalam wikipedia harus diupdate manual oleh kontributronya.

semantic search engine sering disebut sebagai search engine masa depan, sebuah kecerdasan yang dapat membantu anda menarik informasi yang lengkap,tepat,dan cepat dari timbunan terabyte atau bahkan petabyte data. tetapi masa depan itu tampaknya tidak terlalu jauh, karena saat ini telah tampil beberapa search engine yang mulai mengarahkan enginenya untuk keperluan tersebut.

Bersambung.....

TCP (Transfer control Protocol) / IP (Internet Protocol)

sebagai pengguna internet, kita kerap mendengar nama TCP/IP, protocol jaringan yang paling banyak digunakan dewasa ini. seperti bahasa, protocol digunakan oleh dua komputer agar dapat saling bercakap-cakap. laiknya dalam dunia nyata, jika dua komputer tidak berbicara menggunakan bahasa yang sama, mereka tidak dapat berkomunikasi.

TCP/IP sendiri bukanlah nama sebuah protocol, melainkan nama yang diberikan kepada sekumpulan protocol jaringan yang telah digunakan untuk membangun jaringan global internet. protocol tersebut mengacu kepada protocol suite yang dikembangkan oleh DoD departemen pertahanan amerika serikat atau Arpanet.

TCP/IP tidak hanya digunakan di internet.mereka juga banyak digunakan untuk membangun jaringan pribadi yang disebut internet yang jadi terhubung dengan jaringan global internet. jaringan internet yang digunakan secara ekslusif oleh sebuah organisasi disebut juga dengan intranet.

dari namanya TCP/IP sudah merujuk pada dua protocol yang berbeda, yaitu Transfer control protocol dan internet protocol. terdapat beberapa protocol lain yang terkait dengan TCP/IP sebagian antaranya yang sering kita dengar seperti FTP, HTTP, SMTP, dan POP3. TCP/IP memiliki empat tingkatan, yaitu:
1. Application
2. Transport
3. Internet
4. Network Interface

Bersambung ......

Kecerdasan search engine

Cara search engine memperlakukan key word/
Bagaimana Search engine memperlakukan keywords

Kalau kita perhatikan dari arti katanya –search engine—yang artinya mesin atau alat yang digunakan untuk mencari data/informasi. Jika kita mengacu pada arti kata diatas maka setiap aplikasi software memilikinya, terutama aplikasi yang memiliki informasi yang cukup besar. Tidak perlu jauh-jauh membayangkan aplikasi database yang kompleks, ambil contoh untuk pemisalan regedit dari windows, yang memiliki fungsi search mencari string tertentu atau perintah command prompt sederhana seperti dir yang memiliki parameter /s untuk mencari kedalam sub directory.

Tetapi saat search engine yang dimaksud adalah web search engine, maka anda berhadapan dengan data dan informasi yang luar biasa besarnya dan terus bertambah dengan sangat cepat, sehingga saat ini anda tidak perlu memiliki televise atau radio untuk menjadi orang yang paling update mengenai gossip terbaru. Tetapi apakah cukup jika sebuah search engine mencari hanya berdasarkan keywords, untuk kemudian menampilkan semua informasi yang menjadi keyword tersebut.

untuk menjawabnya, cukup bayangkan kita berada didalam perpustakaan raksasa yang selalu diisi buku dan literatur baru setiap harinya. lalu kita ingin mencari sebuah kata ,misalnya sixth sense. karena terlalu banyak buku yang ada maka kita mengatakan pada penjaga perpustakaan yang berperan sebagai search engine, saya ingin mencari sixth sense.

apakah kita dapat membayangkan bagaimana mekanisme dan hasil yang ditampilkan jika sang penjaga perpustakaan mencari hanya berdasarkan keyword? buku akan dicari satu persatu berurutan dari rak ke rak dan setiap buku yang mengandung sixth sense akan diberikan kepada kita.

tentu bukan itu yang kita inginkan, kita ingin search engine yang lebih pandai memahami apa yang kita inginkan. kita akan lebih senang jika penjaga perpustakaan berusaha menebak dan memberikan prioritas beberapa pilihan yang diharapkan akurat ketimbang memberikan setumpuk informasi yang terlalu banyak dan harus ditelusuri lagi.

jika kita kemudian bertanya pada beberapa rekan apa yang timbul dalam pikiran mereka saat kita menyebut sixth sense, mereka akan menyaring kata tersebut dalam pikiran masing-masing dan mungkin akan mengaitkannya dengan film berjudul "the sixth sense" yang dibintangi Bruce willis. sebuah response yang wajar sebagai manusia, apakah mesin dapat melakukan hal yang sama?

Ternyata dari percobaan pada beberapa search engine popular yaitu google.com, yahoo.com, bing.com dan wolframalpha.com, seluruhnya meletakkan film the sixth sense pada urutan pertama, walaupun film tersebut dibuat sepuluh tahun yang lalu. dapat disimpulkan web search engine saat ini sudah mengimplementasikan kecerdasan buatan agar dapat memahami maksud kita, walau dalam kasus ini logikanya masih sederhana, yaitu mengaitkan key word pencarian kita dengan pencarian yang paling popular atau memiliki rank tertinggi.
Bersambung .....

Sumber: PC media
Penulis : Joko Nurjadi

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World football is now often tainted by the interests of a private club or a player, so fair play are ignored. many events lately that dragged a few players, and FIFA to give sanctions to the players or coaches who violate the rules. for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, should be well supervised, so that players do not use doping and the 2010 World Cup participants do a fair football. so every match will be very interesting.
Target every state should not violate FIFA rules that have been defined. not to engage in a football game based solely on winning but fair play will be abandoned. if the football players, clubs, coaches, and participating countries heed all FIFA regulations on football, each game will be liked by every spectator in the world.
Good luck the 2010 world cup participants .........

Klasifikasi computer

berdasarkan pengolahan datanya, komputer dibagi menjadi 3 yaitu:

- Analog computer
sifat penggunaannya terus menerus, datanya tidak berbentuk angka tapi berbentuk fisik, Outputnya berupa pengaturan dan pengontrolan

- Digital Computer
sifat penggunaannya terus menerus, datanya dalam bentuk huruf dan angka

- Hybrid Computer
Komputer hybrid adalah gabungan antara komputer digital dan analog, biasanya komputer ini hanya digunakan untuk masalah-masalah khusus karena memiliki kemampuan yang lebih cepat dan tepat.

Berdasarkan Penggunaannya
1. General purpose artinya komputer digunakan secara umum, misalnya untuk pengelolaan grafis dan multimedia, pengelolaan data base, serta pengelolaan program.

2. Special purpose artinya komputer digunakan secara khusus, misalnya sebagai server, PC router, dan terminal dumb.


Berdasarkan kemampuannya
berdasarkan kemampuan kinerjanya, komputer dapat dikelompokkan sebagai berikut:
1. Microcomputer
2. Minicomputer
3. Smallcomputer
4. Medium computer
5. Large computer
6. Supercomputer

Tentang Definisi Komputer

Sebelum kita mengutak-atik computer, ada baiknya kita terlebih dahulu mengetahui definisi dan cara kerja computer. Definisi umum dari computer adalah seperangkat alat electronic yang dihubungkan dengan listrik yang berguna membantu kerjaan manusia agar lebih mudah, cepat, dan akurat. Computer juga sebagai alat informasi dan komunikasi yang mampu mengolah data dan kemudian menyimpannya.

Perangkat computer yang sudah dikenal masyarakat umum adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Mainframe
2. Personal computer (PC)
3. computer for server (server)
4. Personal data assistant (PDA)
5. Mobile computer (notebook, laptop, desknote)
6. Global positioning system (GPS)
7. Kalkulator
8. Translator
9. PC tablet
10. Organiser

Seiring bertambahnya waktu dan berkembangnya teknologi, semakin banyak pula jenis alat yang bias dikelompokkan kedalam jenis computer. Umumnya, orang mengartikan computer hanya sebatas personal computer (PC).

Perangkat computer dapat dibagi menjadi 3:
1. Hardware ( perangkat keras)
2. software (perangkat lunak)
3. Brainware (pengguna): operator (sebagai pengguna computer saja), Programmer (sebagai pembuat software atau program), system analisis (yang menjembatani antara computer, manusia, dan program)

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

History of the PLC

• •First Programmable Logic Controllers were designed and developed by Modicon as a relay replacer for GM and Landis.
• •These controllers eliminated the need for rewiring and adding additional hardware for each new configuration of logic.
• •The new system drastically increased the functionality of the controls while reducing the cabinet space that housed the logic.
• •
• •The first PLC, model 084, was invented by Dick Morley in 1969.
• •
• •The first commercial successful PLC, the 184, was introduced in 1973 which was designed by Michael Greenberg. 

Definition of PLC

A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER is a solid state control system that continuously monitors the status of devices connected as inputs.  Based upon a user written program, stored in memory, it controls the status of devices connected as outputs.

 

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